Preferring coastal forests Green Figbirds are able to make a living in urban areas, especially where there are plenty of fig trees. They have adapted to our parks and gardens and although they prefer figs they can feed on cultivated fruits as well including tomatoes, berries, mulberries and even bananas. During the breeding season they live in pairs and nest between October and February. The rest of the year they often live as a small flock and can be seen making their way around the urban landscape in search of fruit trees.

They are distributed along most of the Eastern Coast and the 'Top End' in the Territory. They are part of a worldwide family that includes the orioles, of which Australia has two other members (the Yellow and Olive-backed Orioles). 

Figbird song:

Scientific name Alectura lathami

The Brushturkey is a large megapode (big feet). With urbanisation and the introduction of feral predators including foxes and cats, it was thought they might become endangered. Although they are a large bird, they are not strong flyers and their young may have been prone to predation. However, these birds have adapted to the urban environment, especially where there are areas of trees and mulched gardens. In places where it shares its breeding and foraging grounds with humans, the survival of the species depends largely on the goodwill of householders. In the video below they have adapted to the campus area of the University of Queensland and students and staff are treated to a daily show of Brushturkeys foraging and defending their own territories.

Originally an inhabitant of rainforest and wet sclerophyll forests, they can also adapt to drier settings including urban areas. Brush-turkeys feed on insects, seeds and fallen fruits, which are exposed by raking the leaf litter or breaking open rotten logs with their large feet. The majority of food is obtained from the ground, with birds occasionally observed feeding on ripening fruits among tree branches.  

Brush Turkeys have not only adapted to higher education settings they have also taken advantage of other urban places and you can spot them going about their business at the Bribie Island Golf Course and along the beach walkway at Mooloolaba, where the go about their daily business in the dune and bush gardens associated with the coastal track. An endearing bird, it can make quite a mess of gardens with its scratching and mound building, but let's hope our gardeners and landscapers continue to put up with their industry! 

The first time I came across a Haswell’s Shore Crab was during a “Clean Up Australia Day” at a reserve area in Hays Inlet which included mangrove and saltmarsh habitats. There was a number of car wrecks in the wetland area (which were all removed at a later date by the local Council) as well as domestic debris including a large piece of carpet overlay which was almost welded to the ground surface. As we pulled up the offending piece of carpet we were surprised by a number of brown and orange crabs who immediately lifted their claws and let us know their displeasure!

Since then, and many clean up days later, I have always rushed to any piece of flat rubbish or debris in order to look for these marvelous creatures. They are one of the dominant species in the saltmarsh habitat which can prove to be a tough area to make a living in. Over the years we have seen the salinity in these habitats vary greatly from below ocean levels (approximately 35 parts of salt per thousand) to more than triple the salinity. During extended dry periods, the saltmarsh soil dries out, cracks and is often covered with a salt encrustation. There is no shade, except from the saltmarsh succulents and the marine couch so it can get very hot as well.

The crabs are pretty hardy and dig burrows in the marine couch area in order to escape the sun and avoid desiccation. They are generally nocturnal feeders which makes sense in terms of avoiding the harsh conditions as well as reducing the risk of predation. With a number of wetland birds scouring the area during daylight hours it is a good strategy to avoid becoming an avian meal. Of course another idea is to find a piece of debris such as carpet and make their way underneath in order to take advantage of a moist retreat from the harsh conditions of the saltmarsh.

They are very common in the saltmarsh areas, and often you will see hundreds of their casts dispersed across the saltmarsh vegetation almost like snow.

Further information

For more information on the expo visit https://www.redenviroforum.org/moreton-bay-wetlands-expo.html​ or check out the Redcliffe Environmental Facebook Page

I enjoyed a recent break at Coffin Bay in South Australia where the water temperature in the winter months is too cold for mangroves to survive. The bay is part of the western coast of the Eyre Peninsula and is characterised by rugged coastlines of sandstone, dominated by low woodlands, scrub and coastal heath. Like Moreton Bay and Hays Inlet, there are many sheltered inlets, where saltmarsh can dominate the higher intertidal zone.

In warmer areas, mangroves tend to dominate the coastal fringe and whenever there is enough tidal inundation they replace saltmarsh vegetation. But in Coffin Bay there are no mangroves, so the saltmarsh inhabits the edge of the tidal zone and thrives. One species (Tecticornia arbuscular) also known as the shrubby samphire can grow well over 2 meters in height and another samphire, the Thick-head Glasswort (Sarcocornia blackiana) is also common in the Coffin Bay saltmarshes and can grow to over a metre in height. These larger samphires appear to occupy the niche of the mangrove, so common in warmer waters.

Still there are also a number of familiar plants, which are common in the saltmarsh areas of Hays Inlet. They include the Beaded Samphire (Sarcocornia quinqueflora), Ruby Saltbush (Enchylaena tomentosa var tomentosa),Seablite (Suaeda australis) and Marine Couch (Sporobolus virginicus). On the landward edge in Hays Inlet we can see stands of Melaleuca and Casuarina. Similarly, at the landward fringe in Coffin Bay there are stands of tea tree, known as Swamp Paperbark (Melaleuca halmaturorum).

The birdlife in this coastal area also reflects the trends in the saltmarsh vegetation, some familiar to South Queensland and others characteristic of the southern temperate coastline. There are many of the same birds as Hays Inlet including Oystercatchers, Cormorants, Silver Gulls, Pelicans and the White-faced Heron. There are also other birds not seen in Moreton Bay that occupy the shorelines and coastal vegetation including the New Holland Honeyeater, the Red Wattlebird and the impressive Pacific Gull which looks like one of our seagulls on steroids.

​Coffin Bay and the Eyre Peninsula is a relatively isolated area of coastline and to visit the area certainly gives us a chance to reflect and appreciate the areas of wetlands we still have around Moreton Bay. Importantly it also gives us an idea of how saltmarsh would look without the Mangroves dominating the shoreline and the edges of our waterways. In our case, in Moreton Bay, we get to enjoy the best of both worlds, saltmarsh and mangrove forests!

Saltmarsh is an endangered habitat and some of the reasons behind its fragility include weeds, development traffic including bikes and 4 wheel drives as well as predicted sea rise from climate change. Hays inlet still has some significant areas of saltmarsh which are important nursery sites for fish, provide habitat for wading birds, improves the water quality entering Moreton Bay and is one of the most effective habitats in storing carbon. REF Inc along with its partners has continued to work in these areas including removing some serious weeds from the landward buffer zones of Casuarina and Melaleuca.
​
Recently weeding work has been carried out in these buffer zones as well as a new set of saltmarsh transects being put in place to monitor the health of the saltmarsh vegetation. A recent high tide had receded when I noticed the channels between patches of marine couch and saltmarsh vegetation were full of snails. A closer inspection revealed that as well as snails many small fish had been trapped in the channels and with the tide receded were now in real danger of being desiccated.

When high tides inundate saltmarsh many fish move in with the water to take advantage and feed on the high levels of algae and detritus. Clearly this is a risky business for if they don’t retreat with the tide they risk being trapped on the saltmarsh. Without the tide, this is a harsh environment and really its invertebrates that do best in these conditions. The snails can close up shop by closing an operculum on their shell effectively creating a moist environment. They will often make their way to the base of surrounding vegetation in order to avoid direct exposure to the sun. Other invertebrates including mangrove whelks employ a similar strategy, although in this case they make their way to the shade found on the surface of mangroves. Other invertebrates including crabs will burrow into the marsh sediment and wait out for the next tide.

This is generally not an option for fish; once the water recedes they are trapped. A closer inspection of these channels areas revealed that one or two of the fish appeared to have buried themselves into the sediment. Saltmarsh specialists such as gobies do have burrows and are adapted to cope with heat and excess salt levels. But these fish were not gobies and perhaps this is a behaviour used by them to avoid a harsh death. There appears to be nothing in the literature about this behaviour and the author would be appreciative if any reader has come across this behaviour in the literature. Saltmarsh can be a harsh environment, especially during low tide at daytime. Invertebrates with their external shells and burrowing habits dominate here, but many species of fish will make their way onto the saltmarsh during high tides regardless of the risk. Another reason for us to appreciate the saltmarsh and do everything we can to preserve the remaining sections at Hays Inlet.

Working on our saltmarsh rehabilitation project, REF Inc has been working with its partners to control as much weed as possible around the large saltmarsh area at the end of the Silcock Street Reserve. Last week we were working with a team from Conservation Volunteers Australia when I noticed that the Osprey’s nest adjacent to the Redcliffe Golf Club has been diminished. The ospreys themselves were not to be seen anywhere.

This gave us a chance to reflect on their presence in the area. For the past four years they have provided a highlight for many visitors and volunteers to the project area. On a number of community days including bushcare and Green Army events the breeding pair looked down from their roost as if to approve the work being done to enhance the area. At different times we would often catch glimpses of their chicks (three sets from our count) or se one of the adult birds at their feeding tree with a fish caught from the adjacent Hays Inlet.
​
Their nest has disintegrated, although the tree is still strong and clear at the top. According to bird experts, they may well return and rebuild the nest in the near future. Alternatively they may have found a new roosting tree, hopefully nearby. One thing is for certain, we will be keeping our eyes out to see what happens next.  They are an apex predator and have shown us that there are still fish to be caught in Hays Inlet. They are a fantastic bird to watch in the wild, for some a real privilege to see them go about their daily routine. They remind us why we care about the area, so let’s hope they rebuild their nest so we can enjoy their presence each time we visit the reserve.
​

Hays Inlet is well known for its birdlife and in particular waders. Many of the migrating birds have now left Moreton Bay to make their way to their Northern Hemisphere breeding grounds. They will return to our waters in September. In the meantime there are a still a number of residential wading birds including stilts, herons and spoonbills that will spend the autumn and winter months on the intertidal flats of Moreton Bay. One particularly versatile bird, the Pied Oystercatcher can not only be seen in the wetland areas like Hays Inlet but also along the surf beaches of the region including Moreton and Bribie islands as well as the Gold Coast and Sunshine coastlines.

I was fortunate to spend a few days at Noosa over the Easter break and by chance I had my camera on me when a pair of oystercatchers worked the ebbing tide. If you have ever tried to catch pipis, a bivalve mollusc located on the waterline of the surf, you will realise how difficult this task can be. Incredibly oystercatchers are able to work the breaking wave zone and locate and pull pipis out of the sand with regular monotony.

Of course finding pipis is one thing but being able to crack them open is another matter altogether, especially if you are a bird. Again these birds appear to find the task relatively easy. They insert their bill into the hapless bivalve and carry them to the beach, where they insert their beak further into the shell and then using mandibles like a knife they slice through the strong muscle of the mollusc before extracting them completely from their shells. And in no time at all they are feeding on a nutritious piece of protein, thanks to their fishing skills and well-equipped bills.
​
And left on the beach are the two valves of the former pipi! Just minutes ago it was buried in the sand beneath the waves and now the only evidence of its existence is that familiar purple butterfly-like pair of valves.
​

There are other benefits to managing our water resources and some simple things worth doing at our own local:

• Managing and improving the wetlands of Hays Inlet and Deception Bay – by maintaining the mangrove, saltmarsh and buffer regions (melaleuca and casuarina) and allowing runoff to be slowed down, filtered and a decrease in erosion – we can enhance biodiversity, fisheries production as well as provide an effective buffer against storm surges (which are predicted to increase in frequency and sea level over the next century). And saltmarsh and mangrove habitats have the capacity to absorb high levels of carbon.
• Improve general forest areas and wherever possible plant trees in urban areas as well as semi-rural and conservation areas. Forest areas provide shade and can mitigate some heat sink effects associated with urban areas, particularly high density estates. They also provide habitat for wildlife, prevent soil erosion, store carbon and provide aesthetic qualities to the landscape. Recent research has discovered that rainforest trees have the capacity to create rain through an atmospheric seeding process. So it is important that we preserve as much forest as possible within the Moreton Bay Region.
• Finally managing our water use at the domestic level can also make a difference to the water quality of our waterways and Moreton Bay. Manage soil erosion and stormwater by making sure we water our gardens wisely, e.g. wash cars on the lawn rather than on driveways can all have an impact on our stormwater runoff. Ensuring our rubbish is binned appropriately, it’s amazing how much rubbish (especially plastics) ends up in our waterways and Moreton Bay.  Volunteer for projects around landcare and waterways – e.g. making sure our creeks and waterways have the correct vegetation to prevent sediments entering our waterways and impacting on water quality.

 

World Water Day does give many of us a chance to reflect on the way we live our lives and to consider some of the activities we might engage in to improve water quality and access to clean water for all of us.

Further reading and research:

​About World Water Day

​www.worldwaterday.org 

​Healthy Land and Water (South East Queensland):

http://hlw.org.au

Waterways of South East Queensland (short videos)

https://www.redenviroforum.org/water-quality.html